Physical Characteristics and Feeding Habits of Greater Flamingo Research Paper

Physical Characteristics and Feeding Habits of Greater Flamingo - Research Paper Example Male attain the full size at the age of one and a half to two years (Whitehouse 2003). Male greater flamingo is slightly bigger in size and therefore weighs more than their female counterparts. Greater flamingo wingspan stretches from 140 to 165cm. Coloration Greater flamingos are pink in color. Red and pink coloration of their feathers are said to be derived from carotenoids which form substantial portion of their diet. Algae and shrimps are rich in carotenoids which after synthesis give the red-pink coloration of the feathers. Flamingo metabolic system is efficient in breaking down the labile compounds found in carotenoids. The coloration for the male and female greater flamingo is same and with the young chicks displaying gray or white feather coloration after hatching. As the chicks grow, they attain grayish feather coloration. P.r.roseus legs and feet are pink-red in color (Johnson & Ce?zilly 2007). Appendages (legs, feet, neck and wings) The legs are longer than their body for mature greater flamingo with the ankle situated about half way up the leg. Their knee is located adjacent to the body and it is normally invisible from outside. Their feet have the three frontward pointing toes and one backward toe also known as hallux. Their toes are webbed to help them with swimming and stirring up food. The greater flamingo legs and feet have the same coloration (Romeu 2004). Their wing span stretches about 140-165 cm with 12 primary flight feathers positioned on either wing. Flight feathers are black in coloration and are normally visible during flight when the wings are stretched. Flamingos are known to have about 19 long cervical bones; this gives them the elongated and winding look. The morphology of the neck allows for greatest movement and twisting of the neck. The head ha eye positioned on both sides. For adult greater flamingo, the eye color is yellow while for juveniles they are white in colour for the first year of growth. Adult greater flamingo is blac k a black bill. The bill has a filter feeding adaptation. The upper and lower mandibles are tilted downwards just after the nostril. Greater flamingo’s upper mandible is light and acts as a cover to the lower one which is large and is like a trough. This allows them to feed on large food particles such as shrimps, brine flies and other molluscs. The exterior part of the bill has tooth-like ridges which help in filtering food particles from water. There are two rows of hair-like or comb-like structures called lamellae on both the upper and lower mandibles. When the two mandibles come together, they form mesh like structure which helps in trapping food particles. P.r.roseus’ tongue is fleshy and large with bristle to allow it filter water and food particles from the lamellae (Whitehouse 2003). Feathers The principal flight feathers are 12 and are situated on either wing. The feathers are easily distinguished from other because they are black and are easily seen during fl ight when the wings are fully stretched. Tail feathers range from 12 to 16 in number. Moulting of the body and wing feathers occur at irregular interval and linked to their breeding series. The greater flamingo whole body is covered by contour feathers leaving out legs and feet which help in protecting the skin from damage and also streamline the body before flight. They spend close to a quarter of

Alcohol and Energy Drinks- A literature review Essay Example for Free

Alcohol and Energy Drinks- A literature review Essay ?In recent years, researchers have begun to focus attention on an emerging trend of consuming energy drink mixed with alcohol AmED. Consumption of AmED is thought to have a correlation with high-risk behavior and negative effects on the consumer. Several research articles have examined the various facets of this practice. Some of the points of consideration that have been researched include the motivations behind consuming AmED, the effects of consuming AmED on alcohol consumption and the likelihood of engaging in risk taking behaviors after consuming AmED compared to alcohol alone. This literature review will examine the following four articles in an attempt to explore this area of research. Energy drinks are beverages that boast the ability to provide the consumer with an increase in energy. Energy drinks frequently contain large amounts of caffeine. The upper daily recommended limits for an adult in regards to caffeine is XXX. Levels of caffeine can be up to 300mg per serving. A 6oz coffee contains 100mg. The caffeine from energy drinks is known to have a stimulating effect on the nervous system. Many brands of energy drinks contain additional chemicals including plant-based stimulants (guarana and yerba mate). The effect of these on the body is not well understood as there has been little research. Simple sugars such as glucose and fructose are also found in some energy drinks. Other potential ingredients include glucronolacteone (a naturally occurring metabolite), amino acids (taurine, carnitine and creatine), herbs (Ginko Biloba and ginseng) and vitamins. In a research paper by Peacock and Bruno (2012a), patterns of use and motivations behind the consumption of AmED were examined. The focus of this investigation was to examine the motivation of participants to consume AmED through self-reporting techniques in the form of an online questionnaire. The sample of 400 participants aged 18-35 years who had reportedly consumed AmED in the past 6 months. The results of the study indicated that 75% of participants used AmED for energetic purposes, 50% reporting use to extend their stay at a public venue, 60% claimed they were motivated by situational circumstances, such as mixed drinks containing ED, 40% reported sharing AmED with a companion, 20% used AmED to mask the flavor of alcohol, 50% of the sample reported using AmED to have more fun and only 33% reported consuming AmED to get more drunk Peacock al et (2012a). In addition to taste and situational reasons, the participants in this study appeared to be motivated by functional and hedonistic outcomes. Only a small number of participants being motivated by the desire to increase the level of drunkenness or experience similar effects to elicit drugs. A study conducted by O’Brian, McCoy, Rohdes, Wagoner and Wolfson (2008), where by responses from 4,271were recorded via a web based survey. Participants who consumed AmED in the past 30 days reported consuming significantly more alcohol in a typical drinking session as well as reporting more drinking sessions than those who did not consume AmED O’Brian et al. (2008). AmEd consumers also reported episodes of weekly drunkenness and among the sample who reported consuming AmED a single drinking session consumed 36% more than students who didn’t not report consumption of AmEd. The results of Peacock et al. (2012b) indicate that although risk taking behaviors occurred during sessions of consumption of both alcohol and risk taking behavior that occurred with AmED was statistically less than the risk taking behaviors that occurred in alcohol alone sessions. However consumption of AmEd did result in higher negative physiological and psychological outcomes than those reported from consuming alcohol. Verster, Aufricht and Alford (2012), conducted a review of articles of articles relating to the consumption of AmED. It was revealed through a critique of multiple correlational studies that there are currently insufficient properly controlled studies to draw any firm conclusions regarding the effects of AmED. Conclusions reached in their report were that only a minority of the student population occasionally consumes AmED Vester (2012). Research also suggested some evidence that AmED may result in an increase in some aspects of alcohol- induced performance impairment. There is no consistent evidence that alcohol alters perceived levels of intoxication, no evidence that consumption of ED causes an increase in alcohol consumption, no direct evidence exists to suggest that ED is linked to drug and alcohol dependence or abuse. A personality predisposed to higher levels of risk taking behavior may be the primary reason for increasing alcohol and drug abuse and that AmED may be a component of that lifestyle. The literature available relating to AmED consumption is insufficient. Presently there is an insufficient amount of evidence to link the consumption of AmED to an increase in risk taking behavior, increase in consumption of alcohol or negative effects on health. To understand the true effects of AmED further research is required. To draw more concrete conclusions about the effect of AmED there is a need for more complex and properly controlled clinical studies need to be undertaken. Research design needs to explore relationships with a within subject design whereby the relationship between the ingestion of AmED and the consumption of alcohol is further explored and documented.

Comparing the Restricted and Non-restricted Carbohydrate Diet Essay

Comparing the Restricted and Non-restricted Carbohydrate Diet I compared the physiological, psychological, and physical responses in restricted-carbohydrate diets and non-restricted carbohydrate diets. These comparisons are found in various studies summarized into a comparison article written by Brian D. Butki, Jeffrey Baumstark, and Simon Driver called Effects of a Carbohydrate-Restricted Diet on Affective Responses to Acute Exercise Among Physically Active Participants. Throughout the studies compared in the article, subjects who participated as a restricted or low-carbohydrate dieter consumed meals with 20 grams of carbohydrates per day whereas subjects who participated as a non-restricted carbohydrate dieter were allowed to consume 250 grams per day (the recommended amount suggested by the Food and Drug Administration). Both types of participants were evaluated for their physiological responses (such as the amount of energy the body is able to produce from their diet), their psychological responses (such as assessment of their mood), and t heir physical response (such as their ability to do physical activity). The results collected from various studies in this article suggest that the diet directly influences the way the body responds physiologically, psychologically, and physically especially when one is exercising to lose weight. The amount of energy the body produces depends on the amount of energy-producing foods consumed; these are carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. However these types of energy-providing foods also contain the most calories which can turn into stored fat when not all of it is burned off as energy. Therefore the way that the body uses the carbohydrates, proteins, and fats is what scientists try... ...y affect the psychological response. The significant reports of negative emotions caused by the imbalance between carbohydrates and fats seems to affect the area of the brain where the hypothalamus is located also seems to be associated with the fatigue and nausea—symptoms of hypoglycemia. The result of the comparison between a restricted-carbohydrate diet and a non-restricted carbohydrate diet shows how manipulations of the diet can affect a number of the important anatomical systems. Works Cited Butki, Brain D., Jeffrey Baumstark, and Simon Driver (2003). Effects of a carbohydrate- Restricted Diet on Affective Responses to Acute Exercise among Physically Active Participants’. Journal of Perceptual Motor Skills, 96 (2), 607-615. Grosvenor, Mary B. and Lori A. Smolin. Nutrition: From Science to Life. Orlando, FL: Harcourt College Publishers, 2002.

Marijuana Should Not Be Legalized Essay -- pot should not be legal

My best friend used to smoke marijuana on a regular basis. Over time, he developed many obvious bad habits and changed his life style tremendously. He started getting lazy with schoolwork, and did not show much interest in anything at all. His parents noticed all these side effects that had been occurring but were unaware that their son smoked marijuana. After the grades fell so much, they decided to take him to get checked out because they were afraid he had developed some sort of ADD. They come to find out that because of him smoking so much marijuana it had led to brain problems, memory problems and affected his thinking skills. He was unable to stay concentrated on something and constantly was out of breath when any physical activity took place. My friend finally quit smoking marijuana because he saw what it was doing to his life. Many teens try marijuana not knowing all the side effects that come with this drug. This drug has many misconceptions from when it is really legal to w hat marijuana will actually do to your body. People think that marijuana is the most harmless drug because one never hears of people dying from it or getting deathly ill. This is false because marijuana does things to the body that can not be seen from the outside. The majority of the damage is in the brain and lungs which can get extremely dangerous. All the bad side effects from this drug will really harm people’s bodies and ruin their futures and lives. Marijuana has many bad side effects that harm the body. According to Szara Braude, marijuana slows down reactions causing problems with memory and learning, distorted perception, difficulty in thinking, and loss of coordination (Marijuana as a medicine 53). Many people use this drug not knowing wh... ...s look up to their peers and do whatever they do because they think it is the cool thing to do. Many times it is out of peer pressure that people try this drug to begin with. This can all be avoided if everyone is aware of the bad side effects that can occur in their bodies and what is in marijuana that will mess up their lives. Works Cited Berger, Gilda. Addiction. Chicago: Franklin Watts, 1992. Earlywine, Mitchell. Understanding Marijuana: A new look at the scientific evidence. New York Oxford University Press. 2002. Glazer, Sarah. â€Å"Preventing Teen Drug Use.† CO Researcher. 28 July 1995: 659-662. Mack, Alison. Marijuana as a medicine? Washington, D.C. National Academy Press. 2001. Ravage, Barbara. â€Å"Marijuana Update.† Current Health. Oct. 1994: 6-12. Robert, Michael. â€Å"Social Awakening: As Adolescent Adulthood Begins.† Health 15 (2001): 53-56.

Kill Bill vs Hamlet

Hamlet and Kill Bill â€Å"Revenge is a dish best served cold. † The Sicilian proverb used as Kill Bill Vol. 2's tagline perfectly points out a tragic flaw shared by Shakespeare's Hamlet and Quentin Tarentino's modern hero: Bill (from Kill Bill Vol. 1 and Kill Bill Vol. 2). In Kill Bill Beatrice is a killer belonging to a team of assassins lead by a man by the name of Bill. Beatrice and her master fall in love and one night while she is on a job, she discovers she is pregnant.She realizes the world of assassins is no place for a mother and makes the decision to leave the team and leave Bill. When Beatrice does not return to him, Bill searches everywhere for her, not willing to accept she may have been killed on the job. He finally finds her only to learn that she is pregnant and about to be married! From this, Bill derives his motivation for revenge. Hamlet obviously has more of a just cause to act on, where Bill, and really all the corrupt characters in his world, act based o n selfishness.Though However much they may differ, their likeness is shown through choices made when taking their time in exacting revenge, when they let their situations drive them to madness, when they refuse to act without confirmation, and when they let their arrogance and need for revenge blind them. While similarities between Hamlet and Bill's moral standings are little to none, it is the element of revenge that reveals the shared traits that bring these men to their demise.The realization that his lover had not only left him without a single word, but had only months later been knocked up and engaged to wed, sent Bill into a maddened outrage. He confronted Beatrice outside of the church where she, her soon to be husband, and all of his family were having a wedding rehersal. He tells Beatrice he just wants to see her happy and that he'll let her go. Once Beatrice is back inside the church Bill sends in his team to kill them all. Bill walks in himself and shoots Beatrice in the head.Obviously this cruelty is nothing like the madness Hamlet experienced after finding out the truth behind his father's death. His became more of a depressed mind. He would sulk around day after day saying outlandish things to people who tried to comfort him. It seemed that suicide was not far from his thoughts. Another thing his madness led him to do was to force himself upon the one he thought he loved: Ophelia. This flaw in Bill and Hamlet's characters affected them in very different ways. However this is not surprising, for they were certainly very different people.The point is, these two men let these unfortunate happenings make them both forget their minds for a time. However rash these two men might be under the right circumstances, it is more in their nature to procrastinate. It just so happens that even with that direct shot to the head, Beatrice did not die. Bill has one of his assassins sneak into her hospital room, fully prepared to finish the job. However when the a ssassin informs him of his former lover's condition, he tells her to abort, saying, â€Å"Y'all beat the hell out of that woman, but you didn't kill her.And I put a bullet in her head, but her heart just kept on beating. We've done a lot of things to this lady. And if she ever wakes up, we'll do a whole lot more. But one thing we won't do, is sneak into her room in the night like a filthy rat, and kill her in her sleep. And the reason we won't do that thing, is because that thing would lower us. † It is safe to say that even with absolutely no regard for human life, Bill is a man of honor and integrity. Hamlet too decides to spare the life of his victim for the time being.He finds himself alone in a room with his uncle, the prey not privy to the predator's presence. However the King had just prayed for forgiveness of his sins, and Hamlet was determined to make him burn in hell. Instead of getting the job done when they had their chance, these men let their ideals and over-con fidence lead to their destruction. Bill's virtues would typically make a good man even more righteous, so naturally this quality has a negative effect towards his outcome. Because of his decision, Beatrice is allowed to wake up from her coma to find out that Bill has taken her baby.Determined to get her baby back and to get her own revenge, she sets out after Bill. Along the way, one by one, she slays her fellow assassins who have wronged her. All this time Bill has plenty of opportunities to set a trap for her or to simply find her and finish her, but he waits, just as Hamlet waits, wasting his constant access to his uncle, the King. The last bit of procrastination that only prolongs the lives of the victims, increasing the chance of failure with every permitted breath; the last tie between these two tragedies, is the need for confirmation.Rather than acting when they still had the advantage, Bill and Hamlet both insist on getting answers. When Beatrice finally makes it to Bill's h ouse, he first allows her quality time with her five year old daughter, leaving her completely vulnerable. When the girl is asleep and Beatrice leaves the room, he injects her with truth serum and questions her on everything that happened and why, all the while having access to a number of different weapons. It is not until they are both seated across from one another, both with sword in hand, that any attempt is made to kill.This is also a perfect reflection of Bill's sense of honor. In Hamlet's similar situation based on finding the truth, Hamlet refuses to make a move on the unsuspecting King until he has judged his reaction based on a play put on that closely resembles the murder of Hamlet's father. Of course after having seen the play, set up by Hamlet himself, the King sends Hamlet away to his death. In the final moments of both these tragic stories, both Bill and Hamlet meet their end. The outcomes do differ slightly.Hamlet does end up carrying out revenge on his uncle, sendi ng him to the depths of hell, while Bill's prey lives on. One thing that makes up for Bill's lack of success is that after the lethal blow had been cast upon him, he seems to realize that he had a choice between dieing and watching the one he loves die. It seemed like more of a success to him that his love got to live, and he got to spend his last moments with her. However, that is not to be taken as acceptance of death (because right up until he was critically wounded, he wanted Beatrice dead) or admittance of wrongdoing.These characters definitely have only themselves to blame for their demise. The traits of these men that led them to make bad decisions are known as their tragic flaws. Nonetheless, these so-called flaws aren't necessarily horrible attributes and definitely don't make a person bad or flawed. In fact most human beings display all these qualities in some degree. This is why, no matter what generation, nationality, race, sex, or culture; past, present, or future, we w ill always be able to relate to, and learn a great deal about ourselves from tragedy.

3rd Disease Papers

3rd Disease Papers 3rd Disease Papers Bio 2 Disease Papers 3rd Term 11/20/12 Simmons 7th Period 7-01 Prakash Akula Rabies Rabies is a extremely deadly virus transmitted by the saliva of infected animals. Some common animals native to the United States are skunks, raccoons, bats, foxes, coyotes. In many cases once some one is diagnosed with rabies its near fatal. Rabies is known to not have apparent symptoms, but when the symptoms appear its near the end of its cycle. Some symptoms include headache, fever, insomnia, parietal paralysis, excessive salivation, anxiety, agitation, hallucinations, difficulty of swallowing, hydrophobia. In rare cases if an infected animal has rabies and licks an open wound you can contract rabies from that animal. Some other pets that can contract rabies are cows, cats, dogs, horses, goats, rabbits, and ferrets. Other wild animals can contract rabies as well including beavers, monkeys, and woodchucks. When someone is bitten by an animal there is know way of knowing if that animal has rabies. What a doctor can do is take tissue and blood samples to see if you have been e xposed to rabies. There are no true treatments of rabies, but if you are found to have been bitten by an animal with rabies then you will be given multiple shots. If you do have rabies you will be given five shots over the serious of fourteen days. Some ways to be sure you do not get rabies is to vaccinate your pets, keep your animals safe from wild animals, keep bats out of your house hold, keep your pets confined, do not approach wild animals, and finally take the rabies vaccine if you are traveling to be safe from it all. Parkinson’s Disease Parkinson’s Disease Is a disorder in which the nervous system is affected and alters your movement. It can just start with one barely noticeable twitch. In pre stages of parkinson’s disease you can notice maybe slurred speech and the stabilization of your arms when walking. Some symptoms include tremors, slowed movement, speech changes, impaired posture, loss of movements, rigid muscles. There has been research that says Parkinson’s disease can be passed down through genetics. Another causes could be toxins in the air or job source that can bring about Parkinson’s disease. Doctors have also found small clumps of substances inside brain cells that are tied to Parkinson’s disease. Youth rarely are found with Parkinson’s disease, but if its found in the family then its common to be seen later on in life. It’s found that males are more likely to have Parkinson’s disease then women. If you do have Parkinson ’s disease then you may also experiance bladder problems, sleep disorders, sexual dysfunction, thinking difficulties, constipation, and depression. There are no tests that can diagnose you with this disease, but a doctor can diagnose you with Parkinson’s disease based on your symptoms and medical history. There are medications not to cure Parkinson’s disease, but to alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Since doctors do not know where Parkinson’s disease comes from there are no preventions that are definite. There has been some reasearch that caffine can reduce the risk of developing Parkinson's. Some people also say that massages and acupuncture can help the symptoms of this disease. Cystic Fibrosis Cystic Fibrosis is a very fatal disorder in which the lungs could be severely damaged including the digestive system. Cystic Fibrosis is generically inherited and affects the cells that make digestive juices, mucus, and sweat. Cystic Fibrosis makes mucus, sweat, and digestive juices sticky and thick. The symptoms vary depending on how much its progressed in your body. Some respiratory symptoms include wheezing, lung infections, stuffy nose, ongoing cough that produces sputum, decreased ability to exercise. Digestive symptoms include greasy breathtaking bowel movements, excruciating constipation, poor weight gain and growth, and meconium ileus in newborns. The cause for

buy custom Strengthening and Improving Medicare essay

buy custom Strengthening and Improving Medicare essay In the recent years, the government of United States has embarked on reviving Medicare, which is a unique program of social insurance providing the best health insurance mainly covering citizens aged 65 years and above, those less than 65 years and are physically disabled and other citizens having special needs. Medicare is administered by a Government body known as Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services(CMS) which oversees the overall implementation of Medicare laws (Joseph Dorothy, 2011). With many challenges faced by Medicare, the U.S. government has aggressively tried to control spending on healthcare using Medicare. The latest attempt to salvage extinction of Medicare by 2026 was an Act passed in 2003 referred to as The Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act. Medicare is generally grouped into two major categories namely: the Medicare Advantage Plan and the Original Medicare Plan. Each category comprises four main sub-categories referred to as Part A (Hospital Insurance), Part B (Medical Insurance), Part C (Medical Advantage Plans) and Part D (Prescription Drugs plans). Recently, Medicare has undergone through a number of legislations that have distinct impacts on the involved stakeholder namely patients, medical providers, and third-party payers. The log-debated legislation reform on healthcare became law in 2010 by signing of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (H.R.3590), and The Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act (H.R. 4872). The passing of these legislations into law had diverse impacts on the various stakeholders involved. First portions of this law will affect Part D of Medicare plan for description on drug plan for seniors and for other patients eligible in Medicare by closing the wide coverage mostly referred to as the doughnut hole. Patients will benefit from this law because its provisions state that from 2010, patients whose their drug costs get to the set coverage gap will receive a refund worth $250. The third-party payers will be impacted negatively because the law will result into increased premiums especially for the highincome earners. In addition, president Obama on 23rd March signed into law the famous Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. This Act made important changes to the Medicare Part A and part B. The patients will receive benefits .For instance, the act provides free Medicare of part A to the patients exposed to detrimental asbestos in Montana at the Lincoln County. These patients will be given free chance to enroll to the part B and part D Medicare coverage. However, the individuals must prove to have been clearly diagnosed with a disease, which is asbestos-related. In addition, this Act on Affordable Care makes good changes to Part B Medicare enrollment, as it will allow easy enrollments to part B with no increased premiums payments. Premiums paid by the third-party payers will increase to cater for the increased costs of this program. Furthermore, the Medicare Improvements for Patients and Providers Act (MIPPA) that was enacted into law in 2008. This law was beneficial to patients as it changed the current laws on Medicare in order to assist the low-income patients and other beneficiaries (Leonard, 2008). The third-party payers will experience increased participation into the Savings Programs for Medicare. This is because, every year, the Medicare beneficiary costs increase thus raising coinsurance amounts and other deductibles to cover the ever-rising cost of this program (Marsh, 2008). In addition, monthly premiums also rises thus affecting the third-party people which can spell many hardships especially to senior and fixed income earners. Providers of health care will receive increased funding because of this implementation. This law increased rates of payments for the physicians services. The providers will experience improved and effective means of health claims payment. In addition, providers will experience reduced bureaucracy in payments of health costs. Buy custom Strengthening and Improving Medicare essay

Tragic flaw Essays

Tragic flaw Essays Tragic flaw Paper Tragic flaw Paper To what extent is the Summer Song sequence, sung by the narrator, a watershed in the play Blood Brothers? The three main themes of Willy Russells Blood Brothers are superstition, fate and class divides. These themes are overtly represented throughout the play. Because the play opens with a scene of the two dead boys there is a constant dramatic irony to all actions in the play; this inevitable tragedy undermines all the happiness in an ironic way. Near the start of the play, the deaths are only suggestions in the boys futures, but as the play develops the themes become more evident, eventually Summer Song is the turning point, the point of no return, the point where everything is as good as it gets. Russell gives the play a very clear and simple structure. The audience knows they are to sympathise with Mrs Johnstone. Not only is she a single mother, she is poor and working class too. Her character is the most developed and given more stage time and songs. Foreshadowing is a very important component of the plays structure. During the childrens game with toy guns, Mickey says, I dont want to die. He is subconsciously appealing to the devil to change his fate. We begin to pity Mickey because he is so defenceless and weak. The narrator creates tension and a feeling of inevitability by using phrases such as hes gonna find y' He is often depicted as Fate, appearing before and after important events, sometimes during, as if to pinpoint the moment, such as when Mrs Johnstone must swear on the bible that she will give away her baby. His snide and often ironic comments about the mothers are generally ambiguous and could apply to either mother (An did y never hear of the mother so cruel. ) The audience is told to come to their own decisions about the mothers (come judge for yourselves. ) The narrator creates tension, always hovering in the background, almost omnipresent, even wearing funeral clothes. He is like a vulture circling above the twins, waiting for their inevitable deaths. His constant presence on stage and in the script keeps the ominous tones going. As they get older, he appears more often, worrying and reminding you that the twins death is coming closer. The Summer Song is when the boys pass the middle of their lives, the peak of the mountain, and begin to accelerate downwards with an unstoppable chain of events leading to their certain deaths. The boys envy each other, I wish I was a bit like That guy, and events occurring to either of them are usually echoed or mirrored by the other. As children, Mickey is seen as the lucky one in the game of life, while Edward seems destined to watch from the sidelines. However, after the Summer Song, once the boys are adults, there is no time for laughter, the game has ended, and Mickey can no longer play and must now work. Edwards lifestyle becomes the ideal, which angers Mickey. Blood Brothers is structured like a Greek tragedy, using death as a spectacle, one main plot and a sad ending. It has a clear time frame, songs and music and, most importantly, a tragic hero (Mickey), someone who falls from grace due to their tragic flaw. Most events are mirrored, for example the childrens game with toy guns(I shot y), to Sammys air rifle(he produces an air rifle), to the gun at the fair, to the gun Sammy uses to shoot someone(an explosion from the gun), to the gun Mickey kills Edward with (the gun explodes and blows Edward apart). Before the Summer Song the guns are either imaginary or toys, safe and harmless. However, afterwards, they are still used as freely as the pretend guns, but take real lives. References to Marilyn Monroe are constant. Like bright young things, like Marilyn Monroe. Dreams all night of girls that look like Marilyn Monroe. In the first song (Marilyn Monroe) Marilyn Monroe is a symbol of youth and beauty, but throughout she changes into one of tragedy, referring to her drug taking and consequential death, which coincides with Mickeys addiction to his anti-depressants. Sexier than Marilyn Monroe to off the rails, treats his ills with daily pills, he was dead, Like Marilyn Monroe The childrens game is echoed after the Summer Song. In the first half I got y, I shot y, An y bloody know I did, And in the second, You shot him, you shot him. I know I bloody did. This is a conversation between Mickey and Sammy, his older brother.

Shanghai Architecture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Shanghai Architecture - Term Paper Example The economic history of the city signifies that Shanghai is an economic hub that is capable of transforming China into a developed state. Historical context Humans started settling in Shanghai 6000BC when they were attracted by the waters surrounding the city. The population formed a village that specialized in fishing. The Tang Dynasty developed the village into a town in 751 AD, when the empire marked its tenth year of ruling in China. The empire created a district that was known as the Song Jiang. This attracted higher settlement and fishing, and the village developed into a town. The town developed further under the leadership of the Northern Song Dynasty in 951AD (Warr, 2007). The Southern Song Empire later created Shanghai town as an official city because of the expansion of the population and fishing. This empire opened the port of Shanghai that would be used by ships that transported cargo to various regions. Ships transporting goods to and from Korea and within China used th e port to load and offload cargo. The transformation of the city into a port attracted business persons who settled near the harbor. The investors settled in the town to carry out their businesses with ease. The population that settled in Shanghai formulated new economic activities such as the production of cotton and textiles. Business persons made textiles using the cotton that was grown in the town. The production of textiles and farming of cotton led to the formation of a national cotton textile center. The Ming Dynasty created the center to facilitate the international trade of the goods. The center attracted the formation of administrative units that maintained peace in the region (Thubron, 2007). The cotton and textile business grew nationally and internationally. The goods were sold to international markets such as the European Union and America. The export of textiles led to further development and settlement in the town. In 1911 when the Qing Dynasty was in its last year o f ruling, Shanghai had developed into a powerful economic haven. The population of the city had grown to two hundred thousand, and the town had become a central harbor for ships transporting goods internationally (Mann, 2012). The population of the town had reached three and a half million by 1934. The population consisted of nationalities from other countries such as Britain, France, Japan, Italy, and Russia among others. Shanghai was named the fifth largest financial hub after London, Berlin, New York, and Tokyo (Warr, 2007). The growth of Shanghai continues to grow up to today when the city produces fifty five billion dollars worth of Gross Domestic Product in China. Narration of the Colonial Empire The beginning of the nineteenth century attracted mass immigration in Shanghai because of its economic past. British, Europeans, and Americans settled in the city, and each of these groups had various intentions of settling in the town. The British were the first to settle in Shanghai after defeating China in the opium war. The war arose because the Qing emperor of China opposed the importation of opium in the county (Warr, 2007). The British won in the war, and the importation of the drug from India continued; the export of silk and porcelain in Britain also continued. The trade of the goods, however, continued after the signing of the Nanking treaty. British missionaries settled along the Yangtze River after the signing of the treaty, and they formed colonies in the Shanghai. The

Compare how you topic was discussed by Benton Banani (The Mishomis Essay

Compare how you topic was discussed by Benton Banani (The Mishomis Book) - Essay Example I will analytically and reflectively look at the following works; the Mishmi’s book by Benton Bandai, lectures and class presentations by Rainey Gay wish, seeing the world with aboriginal eyes by Brian Rice and god is red by Vine Deloria Jr. this books have explained the native life of the Indians and its influence to their culture and religion. To begin with, in the book god is red; a native view of religion the author has explored the origin, history and doctrines of the Indian tribal culture. He does this by comparing and contrasting this culture to others. He compares the Indian culture and the Christian traditions. He finds the Christian traditions to be absurd and groundless and points out the superiority of the Indian culture (Kramer, 2000). The concept of creation and deity is one subject tackled and the author finds nothing in common between the two cultures. Another subject raised death and religion. This is where Deloria finds little sense on the Christian side. Deloria tend to wonder why Christians fear death despite the blissful afterlife promised to them. On the other hand the Indians don’t fear death because they believe nothing ever dies and death is just but a transition. In this case he tries to demonstrate the superiority of the Indian culture to that of the Christians. Overall the book is just abo ut the Indian tribal religions including its origin and contemporary use. It is also advocating for revival of time honored traditions. On the other hand in the book seeing the world with aboriginal eyes, the author explores the four directional perspectives on non-human and human cultures. The four complex dimensions that make up existence or totality include; seeing path, ways of relating, coming to knowing and ways of doing. Seeing the path encompasses beliefs and values evolving from the spirit world. Ways of relating entails the relationships between the

Nursing scholarly articles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing scholarly articles - Essay Example The article has provided educational interventions that may trim down burnout among nurses working in secure settings through the use of a systematic review. Some of the proposed methods of reducing burnout include the use of clinical supervision and PSI training (Stewart & Terry, 2014). This is because of the uniqueness in style, philosophy and objective of the techniques. Clinical supervision is crucial because it is based on interpersonal relationships and reflective dialogue while PSI training is more of a formal educational intervention that increases participants’ knowledge of serious mental challenges. Stewart and Terry (2014) argue that there are only two areas of focus when it comes to educational intervention. These two areas of focus are reflective learning which is central to clinical supervision and enhancement of professional development and the other area is improvement of knowledge, skills, and attitudes that promote understanding of various patient factors. According to Stewart and Terry (2014), reflective learning can help in analysing challenging encounters and develop good management plans apart from promoting emotional intelligence. Emotional intelligence may help in regulating nurses’ moods as well as enhancing job performance, decision making skills and promotes resilience. Increased knowledge is also believed to promote understanding and improves attitude and empathy which have strong therapeutic effect on service users’ mental and social

Steps for Investment Strategy for Stock Market Essay - 3

Steps for Investment Strategy for Stock Market - Essay Example As the capital market is very volatile and requires very efficient and effective strategies for making investments in stock market. The stock markets are highly uncertain, and it is difficult to predict. Therefore, the chances of loss are higher without proper investment plan. This paper will attempt to present an argumentative discussion on the investment strategy for a stock market. In regard to trading strategies in the stock market, many have argued against the stock investment by claiming it as a zero-sum game as there is an equal number of winners and losers. The stock market is highly volatile and to take a winners’ position is quite challenging. An efficient trading strategy can make gains in bullish as well as in the bearish market. The following figure presents volatility of the FTSE for the last forty years. The most of investors who faced great loses due to investments in the stock market are mainly caused by their lack of knowledge and lack of general awareness. In fact, many investors having very limited knowledge regarding stock investments tend to face losses from the stock market investments and their investment behavior mainly driven by behavioral finance. The investors often make the investment based on their behavior which is mainly driven by unconventional market behavior. For example, investors should buy a stock when it comes to its lower boundary and sells just before it is supposed to fall. However, generally, investors do the opposite and face losses. However, there are also certain factors that must be taken into consideration, and the entire investment should follow systematic steps.  

Cracker Control Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cracker Control - Assignment Example They also need a Backtrack Live CD and a compatible wireless adapter that links with CommVIew for Wireless hotspots (Philip, 2008). These tools enable the wireless card to assume a monitor mode that helps in capturing data packets. A strong Wi-Fi network signal also enables the cracker to connect and disconnect from my network with ease. Hydra is another tool that performs fast dictionary attacks against numerous protocols thus facilitating cracking of systems. Numerous security principles or processes can address this problem when effectively implemented. These include the establishment of access control mechanisms and End-to-end encryption. Moreover, SSID hiding, MAC ID filtering, Static IP addressing, access control and integrity controls, and training on computer security can address this problem (Federal Trade Commission, 2011). We should also configure router passwords and firewall that prevent Wireless hotspots (Kent & Steiner, 2011). Other security principles include identifying the kind and purpose of personal information stored in files and on the computer (Federal Trade Commission, 2011). Keeping only the relevant information and disposing of irrelevant data in a proper manner can help in addressing this problem. Moreover, protecting stored data and establishing proper measures of responding to security threats avert cracking (Federal Trade Commission, 2011). Ultimately, nobody should divulge personal data without proper authori zation. These measures can limit crackers from gaining control of my network and

Steps for Investment Strategy for Stock Market Essay - 3

Steps for Investment Strategy for Stock Market - Essay Example As the capital market is very volatile and requires very efficient and effective strategies for making investments in stock market. The stock markets are highly uncertain, and it is difficult to predict. Therefore, the chances of loss are higher without proper investment plan. This paper will attempt to present an argumentative discussion on the investment strategy for a stock market. In regard to trading strategies in the stock market, many have argued against the stock investment by claiming it as a zero-sum game as there is an equal number of winners and losers. The stock market is highly volatile and to take a winners’ position is quite challenging. An efficient trading strategy can make gains in bullish as well as in the bearish market. The following figure presents volatility of the FTSE for the last forty years. The most of investors who faced great loses due to investments in the stock market are mainly caused by their lack of knowledge and lack of general awareness. In fact, many investors having very limited knowledge regarding stock investments tend to face losses from the stock market investments and their investment behavior mainly driven by behavioral finance. The investors often make the investment based on their behavior which is mainly driven by unconventional market behavior. For example, investors should buy a stock when it comes to its lower boundary and sells just before it is supposed to fall. However, generally, investors do the opposite and face losses. However, there are also certain factors that must be taken into consideration, and the entire investment should follow systematic steps.  

Persuasive text analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Persuasive text analysis paper - Essay Example The use of this art has a notable effect on the public to which it is directed in that it can help to shape a group’s opinions on particular matters. One of the most important speeches in American history utilizes persuasion excellently. It is the ‘I have a dream’ speech by Martin Luther King Junior (King, 2002). King delivered this speech on August 23rd 1963, in Washington to a huge crowd of mainly African American people who had come to listen to him. This speech revolves around the injustices that the black community was continually exposed to during this period. He devised this speech as the start of a revolution against racism that was eating into the United States making the African Americans live impoverished lives (Stewart, 2003). It was a call to not only the black community, but also to the white people to embrace justice in order to ensure equality. As much as the blacks had been freed from slavery almost 100 years back, he explains, true equality betwe en the black and the white folk had not yet been achieved. Racism was still very much a part of their lives, and this affected their living standards significantly. His main problem was mainly the inculcation of this mentality of racial superiority to the young children who did not know any better. It is safe to state that this speechis significant   in the eradication of racism in the United States (Price, 2006). King, in his speech effectively uses persuasion as well as other styles of language that make his speech truly unforgettable. An analysis to determine how effective the art of persuasion was and what effect it had on its audience is conducted. As previously explained, the speech focuses on the problem of racism that was affecting the African American community at that time. King uses the analogy as a language style in order to persuade his audience when also relaying his intended message. An analogy is a style that uses two objects that seem not to be related to each oth er in order to bring out a point. This process is used to provoke the imagination of the listeners to which it is addressed. King uses an analogy of a promissory note that the country provided to the blacks as they were freed from slavery. He states, â€Å"America has given the Negro a bad check; a check that has come back marked ‘insufficient funds† (Lucas, 2001). His analogy employs the use of a well-known object, a promissory note that is a business document that assures or promises and individual of payment at a specified time that both involved parties agree on. King compares the United States’ assurance of equality between blacks and the whites after the abolition of slavery as a promissory note. This promissory note is not valid since it has not fulfilled the conditions it was expected to in the first place. This means that the country has not been true to its word as such; it has given the African American community a ‘bad check’. Resultantly , the African Americans have been forced to live in bad conditions since they do not have the same rights as their counterparts, the white people do. Through this analogy, King altered the way most if not all of his public thought of the issue of racism. It was a problem that they were facing, but they had become complacent since not all their attempts to alleviate the discrimination had been successful. However, this speech gave them a new strength to press for

An Analysis of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 Essay Example for Free

An Analysis of the Homeland Security Act of 2002 Essay As a response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the United States government established a separate agency within the federal system to prevent future terrorist activities. Hence, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was created, along with the Homeland Security Act of 2002 (HSA). The HSA identified and explained the principle, jurisdiction and duties of the Department of Homeland Security. The HSA also reinforced sentences for transgressing national security laws and expanded federal control of local law enforcement agencies. However, critics argued that the HSA instead promoted American global dominance at the expense of civil liberties. For instance, Title II pushed for the establishment of a Directorate of Information Analysis and Infrastructure Protection, tasked with the creation and maintenance of a database containing public and private information on virtually any individual in the United States. Telephone records, banking transactions, school records, employment history – these can be gathered to piece together a profile that can be used against innocent people suspected as terrorists. In the HAS’ Title V: Emergency Preparedness and Response, there is no specific mandate of federal control over the â€Å"local first responders† – the police, the firemen and the emergency personnel. The provision simply called for â€Å"federal supervision, funding and cooperation. † (Van Bergen, 2002) Although centralization is perfect for emergency preparedness on a sufficiently large scale, it could also lead to the loss of local control and to potential federal militarization. (Van Bergen, 2002) According to the United States Northern Command (USNC), â€Å"Prohibiting direct military involvement in law enforcement is in keeping with long-standing U. S. law and policy limiting the militarys role in domestic affairs. † (Van Bergen, 2002) In addition, the Posse Comitatus Act (18 USC 1385) â€Å"generally prohibits U. S. military personnel from interdicting vehicles, vessels and aircraft; conducting surveillance, searches, pursuit and seizures; or making arrests on behalf of civilian law enforcement authorities. † (Van Bergen, 2002) The four statutory exceptions to this prohibition are the following: counter-drug assistance (10 USC 371-81); Insurrection Act (10 USC 331-34); crimes using nuclear materials (18 USC 831); and chemical or biological weapons of mass destruction (10 USC 382). (Van Bergen, 2002) One of the most serious consequences of the HAS is the Critical Infrastructure Information Act of 2002 (CIIA). The CIIA offered corporations confidentiality and immunity from civil liability with respect to the â€Å"critical infrastructure information† (CII) that they submitted â€Å"voluntarily† to the DHS. CII may include virtually any information about physical or cyber infrastructure that can be useful to terrorists or other parties that intend to cause damage to the facility. (Steinzor, 2003) No one may use it in any civil action arising under federal or state law without obtaining the written consent of the company. Government officials who will violate the CIIA will face up to a year in prison. The CIIA is very dangerous, as it would immunize corporations and their employees from malfeasance in their operations, from racial discrimination to embezzlement, violations of environmental regulations and negligence that will harm the public physically and or financially. Hence, the CIIA might also end up granting immunity to enterprises that were guilty of negligence in the face of terrorist attacks, allowing them to escape accountability for putting other people’s lives in danger. Terrorist groups such as the Al Qaeda might use the CIIA to their advantage, because their operatives assume quiet and unobtrusive Western lifestyles and identities to avoid capture and to successfully carry out missions. But with the misleading nature of the HSA, the question ordinary Americans should be asking is: Who should they be afraid of, the terrorists or their own government? References Van Bergen, Jennifer. (2002, December 2-4). Homeland Security Act: The Rise of the American Police State. Retrieved January 2, 2008 from http://www. ratical. org/ratville/CAH/HSA_RoAPS. html. Steinzor, Rena. (2003, March 12). ‘Democracy Dies Behind Closed Doors:’ The Homeland Security Act and Corporate Accountability. PDF File. Retrieved January 2, 2008 from http://www. progressiveregulation. org/perspectives/secrecy_white_paper. pdf.

Impacts Of Leadership On Nurses Nursing Essay

Impacts Of Leadership On Nurses Nursing Essay This essay will analyses leadership and how it impacts on organisational culture and the effects on nursing staff, this paper will show the difference between leadership and management, consider the impact and influence of organisational culture on patients and their outcomes, this essay will explore the theories of leadership and show the elements required to have an effective sustainable culture for better patient outcomes. Organisational culture effects the environment in which nurses work and patient care (Lok Crawford 2003, p.321). Studies have reported that when employees are dissatisfied with the organisational culture there is higher staff turnover, less commitment and patient care outcomes are poorer (Meterko et al 2004, p. 492). Many hospitals within Australia are governed by a bureaucratic organization, where there is structure, goals, and staff are managed systematically with formal leadership things are done this way attitude, this makes change very difficult and nurses feel they are in an oppressed group (Crookes et al 2008, p.p 97-98). To change this form of culture nurses need to become leaders (Meterko et al 2004, p. 493). Day et al (2008) identified five cultures within the Australian health care system 1. Culture of blame this is where staff are dissatisfied with the organization, there is poor communication, there is conflict among staff and the union is often involved (Day et al 2008, p. 72). 2. Culture of reaction this is where management is trying to resolve ongoing staff issues and trying to improve communications (Day et al 2008, p. 72). 3. Culture of consolidation this is where there is always change and staff verbalize they are tired of change (Day et al 2008, p. 72). 4. Culture of ambition this is where staff look for new better ways of doing things there is a risk of having too many projects that can cause the projects to fail or not be completed (Day et al 2008, p. 72). 5. Culture of success this is where staff think about the future and where they are heading, are proactive in problem solving, are close knit, focused and effective workers (Day et al 2008, p. 72). Organisational culture is built by its members; they exhibit common values, beliefs and perceptions of the organization (Day et al 2008, p. 73). To be an effective leader the nurse must learn certain skills, to be more self aware and understand their weakness and strengths, this will in turn build self confidence (Dierckx de Casterle et al 2008, p. 758). They need to become an effective communicator inspiring as well as listening, have a clear vision, but being able to be flexible to change the vision with the nursing staff and the organisation (Dierckx de Casterle et al 2008, p. 761). Leadership within nursing may relate to specific activities or behaviours and may be both supported and limited by the organisation and its culture, but there is also a myriad of professional cultures as well, all of which impact upon the culture of the organisation (Mullins 2006, p.6). This relates to the ways in which individuals and groups interact within the structure of the organisation (Mullins 2006, p.6). McCormack and McCance (2006) argue that for nurses to deliver person-centred outcomes, account must be taken of the prerequisites and the care environment that are necessary for providing effective care through the care processes, (p.472). Chiok Foong Loke (2001, p. 193) highlights five distinct practices that leaders use to affect performance in nurses and the organisation. These practices include challenging the process, inspiring a shared vision, enabling others to act, modelling the way and encouraging the heart (Chiok Foong Loke 2001, p. 193). The study conducted by Chiok Foong Loke (2001, p. 200) explored the relationship between the five leadership behaviours, their findings suggests that the five leadership behaviours should be introduced by administrators to nursing staff and constantly encouraged as leadership is an observable and learnable set of practices (Chiok Foong Loke 2001, p. 200). Leadership can contribute to the success or failure of an organisation (Lok Crawford 2003, p. 324). Leadership as a concept is considerably complex, and theories of leadership are multiple and often opposing or challenging each other. There are the theories of innate or trait leadership, in which people are said to be born leaders possessing natural abilities in this field, which are countered by theories that state people can learn leadership attributes, knowledge and abilities, and so occupy leadership positions (Day 2000). However, it is important here to distinguish between leadership and management, because leaders can be transformational leaders, and tend to be followed because they inspire others by their behaviours, while managers are those that occupy formal positions of power or authority within the organisational hierarchy (Day 2000). Of course, leaders can be managers, and some argue that anyone in a leadership role should best have innate leadership traits, while others suggest that these leadership abilities can be acquired (Green 2003). Effective leadership however depends on the ability to work within the organisational culture and to mediate between the organisation and the employee (Green 2003). Often, because of the way that the health care service and the healthcare unit is structured, leadership strongly relates to the leadership of teams, in which often leadership is conferred by support and acceptance, rather than by the authority of an individuals position (Grint 2005). This however can only occur if there is an underlying culture which allows individuals to express their leadership traits or skills (Grint 2005). Lok Crawford (2003, p. 324) states that leadership styles have been extensively studied. There are many types of leadership but the most effective for change is transformational leadership, nurses who had exhibited leadership behaviours were higher in organisational commitment and increased job satisfaction (Wong 2007). These nurses were also more likely to stay in their job longer (Wong 2007). They are agents of change to promote and sustain the quality of patient care including patients mortality rate (Wong 2007). Studies have shown that leadership behaviours in nurses correlate to positive effects on job performance, job productivity, and job satisfaction, which may lead to patient satisfaction and quality care (Wong 2007). Leadership has been accepted as the key factor of a workers job satisfaction and organisational effectiveness. Research suggests that nurses who demonstrated behaviours of contemporary theory model often benefit patients, their employers, and themselves (Wong 2007). This in turn impacts on other nursing professionals in a positive way, leadership behaviours are important to encourage productive nurses, giving them the confidence to act and make their own decisions, helping nurses to see the shared vision of the organisation and empowering them to change practice for better patient outcomes (Chiok Foong Loke 2001, pp.199-200) Leadership within nursing has emerged over time to impact upon the way that care is delivered and managed, and this can provide us with one example of how leadership can impact upon organisational culture. Over the last twenty years, the role and scope of nurses has expanded to include a significant movement into advanced practice, and nurses within advanced practice roles are expressing significant leadership power and position. Advanced practice nurses act as assessors of health care, individual and group needs, and provide management and clinical leadership (Walsgrove and Fulbrook, 2005). The difference between leadership and management is leadership means lead and management means manage (Grimm 2010, p. 74). Leadership is a complex entity and is often describe as an art, effective leaders must have certain traits, they must have confidence and confidence is built over time and experience (Grimm 2010, p. 75), purpose leaders must have a purpose know which direction they wish to take the organisation and discuss this with staff with openness and honesty (Grimm 2010, p. 75). They need to have moral courage which requires the leader to have integrity and know their beliefs and values and stand by them (Grimm 2010, p. 75). They require ethical fitness, knowing what is right and wrong and have the courage to take a stand reflecting on their morals and values to ensure they have made the right decision (Grimm 2010, p. 75). Setting priorities is an important trait, trying to only have 3 to 5 issues to deal with at a time (Grimm 2010, p. 75). Leaders motivate people, empower staff and encourage practice development (Manley 2000, p. 34). The most effective form of leadership is transformational leadership, these leaders transform people and organisations encouraging and effecting necessary change (Crookes et al 2008, p. 101). Managers control, have an assigned position, carry out functions, duties, responsibilities, manipulate people, money, time and aspire to organisational goals and have willing and unwilling subordinates (Covey Drucker 2009, p. 31). Managers have contributed to the poor image of management and have come to be perceived as organizers, planner and controllers (McKenna et al 2010, p. 130). Therefore as stated before those in leadership positions lead and those in management positions manage. Organisational culture plays a big part in patient care, when organisational culture is dysfunctional patients and nursing staff are the ones that suffer (Meterko et al 2004). Functional organisational cultures that have transformational leaders and teamwork have better outcomes, patient care and low nurse turnover (Meterko et al 2004, p. 492). Wong Cummings (2007, p. 517) suggests that new organisational models have changed the process in nursing; due to the change leadership in nursing is having better patient outcomes. Patient outcomes were changed through work context and nurse behaviours that enhanced patient care (Wong Cummings 2007, p. 517). Wong Cummings (2007, pp.517-518) study showed four areas of leadership and patient outcomes. 1. Patient satisfaction showed a significant increase with positive leadership behaviours and a decrease in transactional leadership style (Wong Cummings 2007, p. 517). 2. Patient mortality reduced mortality rates were contributed to experienced staff, effective leadership and staff being retained in the role (Wong Cummings 2007, p. 517). 3. Patient safely outcomes: adverse events, a strong relationship between leadership and patient outcomes was evident here, there was a decrease in patient falls, medication errors, increase in patient safety to due positive leadership practices (Wong Cummings 2007, p. 518). 4. Patient safety outcomes: complications, a reduction of pneumonia and urinary tract infections were attributed to positive leadership practices (Wong Cummings 2007, p. 518). The study concluded that the culture of transformational nursing leadership increased patient satisfaction, reduced patient adverse events and complications (Wong Cummings 2007, p. 520). Leadership theories go back to the 1900s where man were leaders and born to be leaders this was called the great man theory, similar to the great man theory was the trait theory it was assumed that people inherit certain traits this made them better leaders (Cherry 2010, p.1) The 1940 to the 1980s bought behavioural, contingency and situational theories these theories were about the authoritarian, democracy and laissez-faire according to these theories no situations are the same and different leadership styles were called for (Cherry 2010, p. 1). The 1980s to present bought about contemporary theories, transactional leaders who are usually managers and transformational leaders are nurse leaders (Cherry 2010, p. 1). According to Wong Cummings (2007, p. 520) transformational leadership increased positive patient outcomes, increased patient satisfaction and reduced compilations. Nurses are leaving the profession in large numbers due to job dissatisfaction (Joyce Crookes 2007, p. 18). This is happening all over the world, health authorities need to make a change to keep nursing staff and increase better patient outcomes (Joyce Crookes 2007, p. 18). Magnet hospitals were established in the United States in the early 1980s there is evidence that magnet hospitals retain staff, produce better outcomes for patients and produce quality patient care (Joyce Crookes 2007, p. 18) The health care system has the need to address these problems in Australian hospitals to retain staff, produce better patient care and outcomes (Joyce Crookes 2007, p.23). Lewins Theory of change is one way an organization could make changes that are staff and patient focused (Crookes et al 2008, p. 104). Lewins Theory was to unfreeze, move and refreeze (Crookes et al 2008, p. 104). By unfreezing the current environment and exploring the need for change, what needs to be changed, where and why (Crookes et al 2008, p. 105). The organisation can move into the second phase moving, this is where change is identified and everybody is consulted from management to staff to share their values and beliefs and affect the change (Crookes et al 2008, p. 105). The third stage is refreezing, the new change takes place promoting sustainable culture and positive patient outcomes as seen in the magnet hospital system and those hospital that have transformational leadership (Crookes et al 2008). Conclusion Organisational Culture effects the environment in which nurses work and patient care. There are many types of culture in the health care system and the most effective culture would be a culture of success were staff and the organisations have a shared vision, common values and beliefs, think about the future, have patient centred care goals and effective leaders. The multiple disciplines, specialities and professions involved within healthcare delivery require effective management and organisation, but furthermore, the complexities of patient needs require appropriate individualised responsiveness from the organisation. Leadership has a great effect on organisational culture it can mean success and failure of the organisation, effective leadership is known as transformational leadership and has the best outcomes for patient care and job satisfaction. It is evident that culture plays a part in patient care and transformational leaders have an influence on positive patient outcomes. When there is a dysfunctional organisational culture there is a need for change, by using Lewins Theory of Leadership, unfreezing, moving and refreezing, change can take effect, having a sustainable culture improves nursing practice productivity, improves patient outcomes and quality of care.

Religion in the Military of Ancient Greece :: Army Greeks History Rituals Papers

Religion in the Military of Ancient Greece The Ancient Greeks held their religion to be a personal experience, to be practiced by the common man on a daily basis. Thus, it comes as no surprise to read in the historical works of the period that the people also relied on religion to aid them in military matters. This paper will give historical examples of the people's reliance on the deities and attempt to explain the psychological necessity of these rituals. An examination will be made of the typical forms of rituals, and cite their effects, whether ill or benign, on the military endeavors of the peoples in the age of the Ancient Greeks. RITE OF PASSAGE Many people who experience battle for the first time find themselves panicked, totally unprepared for the horrors of war. Waging war is not a task for the inexperienced civilian. As a result, religious rituals were formed that would brace the aspiring warrior for the obscenities he would face as well as fill him with a sense of obligatory duty through ritual ordaination. Walter Burkert's Greek Religion gives ample detail on the subject: Crete is also the place where myth localizes the Kouretes, who by their name are just young warriors.

Essay on Sophocles Antigone :: Antigone essays

In ancient Greece, men who died in war fulfilled the civic ideal to the utmost.   The women, destined to live out a degrading life, died in bed.   Certainly, not all men died in battle, but every epitaph shows in one way or another, the city would always remember the men who died in war.   Additionally, not all Athenian women died in bed; nonetheless, it was left to her family to preserve the memory of her not the city.   No matter how perfect a woman was she would never receive the same status or level of social expectations from the city that a man received. No accomplishments were allowed beyond living a life of motherhood and submissiveness to a man, namely her husband.   In fact, in early Greece, women were typically viewed as subservient to men, submissive in their actions, and of a status only slightly above slaves; however, Antigone was not your typical Greek woman.   Many ancient Greek Philosophers have written and expressed their views on women’s’ status in ancient Greece.   One author, Sophocles, wrote plays about how you cannot escape fate, because the Gods give fate and men cannot escape what the Gods decide. Sophocles shows his case in point, that human laws can destroy a city, using Antigone as a noticeable illustration to show his points.   Pericles according to the author Thucydides has hardly anything to say about women, but when he does, it is in a demeaning statement.   Socrates never says anything in reference to women, but more to society in a whole.   Finally, Sappho’s writings have been threatened to be destroyed because of her indifferent views towards women and how she portrayed them.   In the play Antigone, Sophocles stretches the role of a woman. There is a battle between what is right and laws of Gods or laws of man.   Sophocles places Antigone in this fight against her Uncle Creon.   Antigone stands up for ancient law and Creon stands up for man’s law.   Creon voices his opinion on how he feels about women in ancient Greece.   Creon states â€Å"We must defend the men who live by law, never let some woman triumph over us.   Better to fall from power, if fall we must, at the hands of a man – never be rated inferior to a woman, never.† (Pg. 77 – line 755-762)   Antigone, with her sharp tongue, challenges Creon with what she feels is right  Ã‚   â€Å"It wasn’t Zeus, not in the least, who made this proclamation – not to me.

To Kill a Mockingbird Article

The Tale of the Boo Jem Scout Maycomb County – In the small neighborhood on my block lives a house that may or may not contain a malevolent phantom. This is the Radley’s place. Dill, Scout, and I know the tale of this evil Boo Radley, and during the summer we share the tale of him to tell people of the tales. It started with one summer, when Dill dared me to go touch the Radley’s house. Usually , we play out scenes of the stories of Arthur. As Dill says, â€Å"I played old Mr.Arthur and walked up and down the sidewalked. Coughed when Jem, who played as Boo, talked to me. He went under the front steps and shrieked and howled from time to time. † {Reference to page 51-52} Atticus claims that we are tormenting Boo Radley, and says, â€Å"You never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view – until you climb into his skin and walk around in it. † {Chapter 3: TKAM} This time though, Dill took my book, The Gray, and I needed it back.He said he would give me my book back afterwards if I touched the Radley’s house. When I went to touch the house though, â€Å"the house was the same, droopy and sick, but as we stared down the street we saw an inside shutter move. Flick. A tiny, almost invisible movement, and the house was still. † {page 19, TKAM} Another time, there was a fire at Miss Maudie’s house. Scout and I had to stay by the Radley’s home, and we didn’t even notice who put the blanket on Scout. Atticus says, â€Å"Boo Radley.You were so busy looking at the fire, you didn't notice when he put the blanket around you. † {Page 96, TKAM} Miss Maudie says, â€Å"His name is Arthur and he’s alive. † {Page 57, TKAM} I don’t believe it, I think he’s been dead and was stuffed up the chimney. And even if he is alive, why would he be cooped up in the Radley’s house? Dill said this: â€Å"Why do you reckon Boo Radley's never r un off? † †¦ â€Å"Maybe he doesn't have anywhere to run off to†¦ † {Page†¦ 163? TKAM} Whether Boo Radley is alive or dead, he is here.

Organisational Behaviour Essay

In any organisation, the employers exhibit varied behaviours. Behaviour is a social corporate responsibility (Antal & Sobczak, 2004). An organisation should not just demand some kind of behavior but be incorporated in ensuring that this is achieved. The systematic study of how individuals act in an organisation, either individually or as a group is referred to as organisational behaviour (Michael, 2005). There exists many factors that would shape the way people interact in organisations. These seek to predict, control and explain some facts. Despite major criticisms concerning the ethics of controlling the behavior of workers, organisational behaviour has been very instrumental in the development and success of organisations. In the modern world, organisational behaviour is a rapidly growing field. People from different regional and cultural backgrounds have to work together thus making it necessary to moderate the way they interact. These studies have been integrated with other domains for effectiveness, these are: anthropology, ethics and leadership. The leadership domain seeks to give an insight into the role leadership plays in an organisation in the change management process. An individual learns some behaviour from an organisation either directly or indirectly (ICMR, 2007). Theories widely accepted in learning are cognitive, behaviouristic and social learning theories. Learning is attributed to the association between stimulus and response. In behaviouristic theory, the desired behaviour is achieved through the application of theories on behaviour. This theory tends to deal with those skills learnt to be used later excluding those capabilities that are inborn (Behavioural Theory, 2008). People are taught and learn rather than inherit traits. In the context of ‘Waiting Tables for Godot’ passage, we can analyse some of the traits that are taught rather than the inherent ones. Jean-Pierre Godot, the owner of La Maison taught his staff some of the things he expected them to observe. He taught the workers to work as a team and work excellently for that matter. It is out of this that Diane knew that she had to give her best. How else could she be excellent? In essence, she was putting into practice what was taught to her by Godot; excellence in duty. It is also easy to see that Diane had acquired some other knowledge elsewhere. She had learnt to balance several plates on her arms. Diane could speak French despite living and studying in Australia. It is therefore only wise to conclude Diane should have been taught French. This enabled her to perform well since it is clear from the passage that she was an excellent worker. Customers complemented her for offering efficient service and even gave her tips. Cognitive theory involves learning through mistakes (Domjan, 2003). An individual avoids the path leading to pre-committed mistakes the next time similar activities are undertaken (Jaffee, 2000). In the case passage, when Diane dropped a bowl of bouillabaisse appetiser, her boss yelled at her and even went ahead to deduct $44. 95 form her pay. This taught Diane that carrying many order plates at once was not safe. It also made her realise that Godot was not concerned with the good deeds by the workers but rather by their shortcomings. Slowing down her pace was the immediate lesson that Diane learnt from this experience. From the same mistake, the University of Canberra student realised that with a slower pace, she would make little money to meet her needs. It was only advisable for her to carry on at the same pace but take more caution to avoid any outbursts from her boss. Lastly, the kind of behaviour that is passed on through observation is expounded in social theory. An individual watches some traits that others exhibit and adapts the same. It is very common with children. According to Miller and Dollard (1941), the observer imitates the observed action which is then adapted and rewarded with a positive reinforcement. Diane, a newly employed worker at La Maison observed the cook being scolded by Godot. She immediately learnt that she had no option but to give the best in her capacity if she was to avoid any trouble. By observing the nature of her customers, she learnt to be friendly and even employ some other skills like speaking French when need be. Diane observed that by warmly welcoming customers she had served before, she was able to retain them. She thus employed her courtesy skills to retain customers. Social behavior includes the inherent characteristics. Diane exhibited traits like the art of balancing several plates on her arms. She was also talented in the recommendation of wines that go well with specific meals. This Canberra student had persuasive skills to convince customers to buy lavish desserts by the way she described them. Her memory never failed. She correctly entered her orders and duly delivered them. Moreover, she remembered repeat customers and ushered them back warmly. These are some behavioural traits that are not necessarily taught. They could be inborn. Consequences have been used in many cases to determine the occurrence of behaviour. This is referred to as operant conditioning or instrumental conditioning. Learning occurs only at that point where the learner appreciates the connection that exists between behaviour and its consequences (Wagner, 2005). It is operated in by the environment but maintained by consequences. Reinforcement and punishment could either be positive or negative. The positive aspect is achieved when it is delivered due to some response whereas the negative is withdrawn due to a response. Extinction is another tool of operant conditioning where there exists no change in consequences following some response. In punishment, the behaviour of an individual is weakened following the experience of some negative condition (Operant Conditioning Basics, 1999). It is of significance to note that it is only response that is extinguished, punished or reinforced. Positive reinforcement exists where a pleasant stimulus that enhances a certain behaviour is a result of a response. In ‘Waiting Tables for Godot’, customers kept complementing Diane’s service as a consequence of her excellent service. They would also give tips to this University student. Godot on the other hand always yelled at her workers. The La Maison owner would even use French to express his dissatisfaction. In a way, this made sure things get done the right way. It is seen that even Diane becomes more careful when handling his order plates to avert losses like the one experienced before. Godot explained to new workers what he expected from them; excellent job. This, if taken from Diane’s reaction, shows that workers gave their best because of this initiative. On the other hand, negative reinforcement is a situation where a behaviour is a result of stopping a negative condition, usually considered unpleasant. For example, when Godot scolds his cook and chef, they get things moving. When he yells out his anger at Diane for dropping bouillabaisse appetiser on the carpet, Diane reconsiders how careful she is with her job. She therefore averts the negative consequences where she has to break her employer’s property and even have her pay deducted for compensation. It is also clear that Diane finds some work to do during her vacation than just stay at home to avoid rice and spaghetti meals when she resumes back to Canberra University the following semester. Positive punishment would refer to a situation where a response occurs as a result of an aversive stimulus. This includes the introduction of loud noise or shock. Jean-Pierre Godon knew how to employ this tool. He would yell at his workers if only to get things moving faster. Regularly, he would speak in French if only to drive the point home. At one particular time, when Diane dropped the bouillabaisse appetiser, she was scolded and part of her salary deducted to cater for the losses her employer had incurred. This produced positive change as she became more careful in whatever she handled in La Maison thereafter. When Diane’s pay was slashed, she opted to observe extra caution. Not only was her pay deducted but she also lost a considerable amount of tips because of the slow down in her service. This served to improve the way she handled her order plates. This condition where a favorable outcome is withdrawn following an unpleasant behaviour is known as negative punishment (Wagner, 2005). Both the negative and the positive punishment result to decreased behaviour. There are conditions that result when a behaviour that had been reinforced previously ceases to be effective. This is extinction. In the case passage, Diane is portrayed as a very efficient worker who would go extra lengths to accomplish her duties. For instance, she would balance several plates on her arms which made her avoid many trips to the kitchen. She would also carry out her duties so well that Godot, her boss, never crossed paths with her. However, on the day she messed herself by dropping appetiser of bouillabaisse on the carpet, all these things ceased to be meaningful. Her expertise in balancing several plates in her arms was no longer a positive attribute. It had cost her $44. 95 of her pay. It was therefore not worth going on with this but rather resort to carrying just a few plates at a time. Although she did not break any item in La Maison henceforth, Godot was still irritated with this University student. Godot was not satisfied with her wait staff effort. No matter how hard they tried to fulfil their boss’s demands, Godot would still hurry them up with insults in French. Their effort was therefore extinct. Diane’s life was surely affected by these learning tools in one way or another. Positive reinforcements made her achieve her targets. When customers would complement her, she would feel that she was doing the right thing. This motivated her to offer the best that she could. Customers would tip her, t times to a high of $23 a day which implied to Diane that she would not take rice and spaghetti in the next semester at the University of Canberra. She would also get more customers into Godot’s business place because of her good communication and interpersonal skills. Nonetheless, some negative reinforcement aspects caused her humiliation. When Godot finds her on the wrong and scolds her, she is forced to do away with quite a portion of her pay as compensation for the losses the boss incurs. She is prompted to reduce her service speed to avert similar happenings. When Godot imposes a fine to Diane for her actions, he knows that this will assist this lady avoid carelessness in the future. She is forced to serve lesser customers which implies reduced tips for her. This is positive punishment since it is meant to give positive results. It is out of this that this student becomes cautious with her work. Though this impacted negatively on her goals, losses in the organization was prevented. From the unpleasant behaviour of Godot in the context of Diane, this worker changes and becomes even a better employee as she does not break items anymore but becomes more cautious. There are various ways that an employer would incorporate in their management to yield the desired results. Godot’s idea was to pay per hour and allow the workers have tips from customers. It would thus ensure that at no one particular hour would the workers desire to do nothing. They would always seek to be busy each unfolding hour. This simply meant that Godot would have an all time operational business. This translates to more work and more profits for him. He would also not have to pay for any wasted hours during the day than if he was to pay, say per month. It will also mean that he could employ new employees every hour and avert the problem of absenteeism. Tips on the hand encouraged the workers to serve more customers in anticipation for more tips. This similarly translates to more work and consequently profits for Godot.

Critical analysis on two primary research papers Essay

Critical analysis on two primary research papers - Essay Example The aim of this analysis is to assess these two articles and how well they follow general research standards and the use of (appropriate) methods. As a core requirement in the presentation of a scientific argument a paper has to begin by introducing the topic chosen in terms of a â€Å"research question" and a â€Å"hypothesis† (a â€Å"preliminary†, i.e. ahead of the actual research, answer to the question). It should then proceed by clearly stating the aim of the research and how the authors propose too â€Å"explore the problem† by comparing to other â€Å"literary source and concept†. Importantly, such published articles need to define the â€Å"setting† and/or the â€Å"sample† and qualify these and the literature in terms of a particular set of â€Å"methods† to be used and deemed appropriate, be they person-oriented and qualitative, or of a more quantitative nature, or a mix of the two groups. Following the method, is the †Å"results-section†, an analysis and discussion of the data collected. Finally, conclusions and recommendations are made, and including discussion how the study has tested the research question. Limitations of one’s findings should also be noted (Rees, 2003). The Research Process Research, the search for knowledge and problem-solving, is a process of adding to knowledge (Ellen, 1984). By this understanding, research is an ongoing process. There are, however, certain procedures to be followed and standards to be adhered to, be they of an â€Å"inductive† (experimental: â€Å"arriving at a theory based on facts†) or â€Å"deductive† (â€Å"facts are organized to match theory†) nature. Based on this division, one arrives at a â€Å"positivistic† and â€Å"relativistic stance†, resulting in a contrast of â€Å"explanation† (deduction, positivism) and â€Å"understanding† (induction, relativism) (Bowling, 2002, pp. 117-3 2; Alexander, 1983; Gellner, 1985). â€Å"The contrast has been exemplified by the different emphases placed upon structure and upon process; upon positivist, empiricist observation as against intellectual inference and propositions about deep structures of society; by notions of detachment and objectivity opposed by more subjectivist views; by assumptions of validity and certainty of generalisation set off against those of ambiguity, uncertainty of findings. Such contrasts are not unilineal; they often overlap† (Firth, 1992, p. 215). Firth’s last sentence is revealing. Contrasts between a quantitative and qualitative approach are often being set up but they do not refer to real differences in the end. It is, as another anthropologist notes, rather â€Å"a matter of degree† since both dimensions (induction and deduction) are indispensable for an understanding of other people and their worlds (Geertz, 1974). The alleged contrast is as straw man argument. Research question and hypothesis in the two articles 1. Brotherton, Abbott and Aggett’s (2006) article is about how percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) feeding relates to the daily lives of adult patients. The authors aim was to explore that question (research question) from two perspectives, that of patients and carers. Their research question assumes (hypothesis) that the two parties hold different notions and models regarding the

Spotlight on Obama's Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Spotlight on Obama's Foreign Policy - Essay Example However, the implementation and temperament of Obama's style will greatly impact the ways in which we negotiate with the global community. The policies of Barak Obama have fundamentally changed the ways in which we confront our adversaries in the Middle East and elsewhere around the globe. A key to Obama's strategy for engaging countries that are hostile towards the US, and present a threat to our national security, is the elimination of Bush's failed policy that mandated the need for preconditions during the negotiating process. Iran is an example where the Bush administration demanded that Tehran suspend its nuclear enrichment program before agreeing to any talks. This became a roadblock to negotiations, as the Iranians refused to give up what they perceived as a sovereign right (Anderson, 2008, p. A08). In addition, this policy has been blamed for the election of the right-wing reactionary Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in 2005, partially as a response to the US's hard line foreign policy (Zahedi and Memarian, 2007, M2). Obama's willingness to talk should bring about a thawing of relations and empower the more moderate Iranians that held power until the election of Bush (Iran moderate elected speaker, 2000). Barak Obama will further benefit from the goodwill that he has amassed from the governments and people around

Analysis of Pre-school in Three Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Analysis of Pre-school in Three Cultures - Essay Example Teacher and students repeat the date, day and whether aloud which gives them knowledge of their surroundings and time. Thus most of the time a child is doing something himself to learn and practice a new idea which helps to mature his mental modals about various real life phenomena. There is a 120 minute academic session with very little explicit academic instructions and children are supposed to learn by practice. The teacher encourages the children involvement in non-academic activities like singing, telling jokes and stories during these academic sessions. After lunch break the children are allowed to play all around the school where they learn through mutual interaction and cooperation. Teacher encourages unattended mutual resolution of disputes among children which instigate problem solving behavior among children. The teachers at Japanese pre-school have strong believe that problem solving and dispute resolutions, and empathy are important skills that a child learns through ear ly childhood fighting and interaction with other children. Thus finding a solution himself is constructive for his learning experience. Origami, a Japanese art of making shapes by folding paper is yet another way of constructive learning at pre-schools. Children learn the persistence when they encounter problems, cooperate with each other. According to teachers origami is an important tool in constructive learning. At Dong-feng pre-school and day care center in China, the principal thinks that it is good for children as they learn to interact with each other. In classrooms there are several activities like children sing songs and match wooden elements with drawing on a page. At Saint Timothy in Honolulu Hawaii children come and have free play before the school formally starts. The school... This paper stresses that behaviorism aims to bring measureable positive changes in children behaviors through practice and learning. Behavioral disobedience or rudeness are difficult to control and require a lot more methodical approach to address the actual issue behind any such behavioral problem. You may teach them to obey through self example of doing something good and polite repetition of tasks you designed to inculcate some basic learning outcomes in the children. The authos declares that a disciplined and self controlled behavior may help children to learn the skills of self control and disciple in the process. If child has some dispute with other child at play or learning area the American teacher encourage children to express their grievances instead hitting or entangling with each other. While in Japanese teacher encourages mutual resolution of disputes thus instigate problem solving behavior among children. This report makes a conclusion that constructive and behavioral techniques and methodologies in three countries best suit to their cultures. The approaches are hard learned and time tested therefore, more often than not any change is resisted strictly. However, in changing environment of modern societies these methods and techniques are required to be reviewed and revisited constantly to bring about the changes that may help to instigate more practical and applicable approaches towards inculcating constructiveness and behavioral upholding of the children. The best approach is to let children learn through personal experience and a display of exemplary behavior.

The irony in An Indians Looking-Glass for the White Man Essay

The irony in An Indians Looking-Glass for the White Man - Essay Example   The paper tells that William Apess was a Native American who accepted the Christian faith. He continued to labor among the Native American Indians as a Christian minister and advocated human rights in his sermons and writings. The period in which he wrote marked an age of cruel slavery and anti-miscegenation laws which prohibited the intermarriage between Whites and Colored people. Apess uses the notable technique of irony in which he would expose the hypocrisy of the Whites employing their own religious doctrines and ideologies.  The superficiality of the White man's doctrine is a point of argument in Apess' work. Apess observes that one "may learn how deep (the White man's) principles are...I should say they were skin deep." The foundation of the White man's objection to the non-Whites enjoyment of their inalienable human rights is based on the skin tone. Skin pigmentation or exterior is not of value in any substantial and profound argument for what lies on the inside forms t he core and matters most. In his day, Apess would have been familiar with the Great Chain of Being philosophy which privileges the Whites at the head of the human races and relegates the Other to occupy lower tiers. Whites used this concept to justify their subhuman treatment of other races. The irony of using skin color as a means to exalt oneself and debase another reveals the truth of the proverb, 'All that glitters is not gold.' In time, the surface of any object is defaced and gradually stripped away. External appearances deceive however, only nature is real and enduring. Apess reiterates: "I am not talking about the skin, but about principles." Apess makes a stirring appeal to the tenets of Christianity, the so-called White man's religion. White men would use their religion to validate conquest, segregation, and the institution of slavery, however, Apess wields the Holy Bible, the book which instructs Christians in defence of human rights, equality, justice and brotherhood. The Christian Bible quotes that "God is no respecter of persons"-"Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart, with all thy soul, with all thy mind, and with all thy strength-Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself." "By this shall all men know that they are my disciples, if ye have love one to another." "Let us not love in word but in deed." Repeatedly Apess preaches to the people who should be acquainted with their own doctrines of love. Apess concept of God differs from the White man's God. Judging from the professing Christians' cruelty, greed, and antagonism, the Apess shows that according to the white man's principles, the Christian God wou ld have to be an unfair and hateful deity who would favor a cross section of people and belittle others. True religion in Apess' eyes is an inclusive religion. One which inspires love and compassion. Apess laments that in 'Christian America' there remains active practice of cruelty, systematic oppression, inhumanity and hostility. Apess argues that a Christian should never be a slave-owner for doing so puts at detriment his own soul and contravenes the founding principles of his faith. He urges the equality and brotherhood of Negroes and Whites according to the Christian doctrines and wonders at White Christian hypocrisy. To add force to his arguments, he quotes numerous scriptural texts from the Bible from Matthew, John and Romans. To hate and propagate division is not only unchristian but also unethical. God's unconditional and impartial love is a perfect example of the love that man must have for his fellow. Greed, selfishness and prejudice are the true motivators of discriminati on that have poisoned the heart, turning it from human compassion. Vices such as sloth, greed and materialism are other adverse effects of the White